Most patients having a knee replacement will have had a total knee replacement – effectively a complete resurfacing of the knee joint. It is an invasive operation that results in a lot of soft tissue inflammation, swelling and pain which takes a quite long time to settle down – so it is normal for patients to have some pain (although it should be improving) for 4 – 6 months after the operation is done. Some pain is normal for a few months after surgery. A successful knee replacement operation:
If all these aims are achieved with a good degree of accuracy, then most patients will have a well-functioning settled knee. But there are many studies that show that about 15% of patients will be dissatisfied after surgery. Sometimes this will be due to persisting discomfort or pain, sometimes tightness or limited range of bend, sometimes instability or lack of confidence – and often a combination of those features. An arthritic left knee with deformity, and a resurfaced, realigned left knee with a total knee replacement. Causes of persisting painThere are a variety of causes of persisting pain, and it is common for these to co-exist:
So if you are having problems what should you do?The first course of action will be to return to see your surgical team. The surgeon or experienced therapist should carefully assess your ongoing symptoms (pain, swelling, stiffness, tightness, stability etc) and then undertake a careful examination, looking for:
And also, were the expectations of knee replacement surgery realistic? If you were expecting to jog any distance, or return to higher level sport, then you are likely to be disappointed by an artificial knee. Normally a new set of Xrays will be taken. These should include a “patella skyline” view to assess that part of the knee replacement. The xray images be used to assess the size, position and alignment of the replacement components, and to check secure fixation between metal, plastic and bone. A standard set of blood tests is also normally done, looking for any signs of infection (a raised white cell count, or raised inflammatory markers). If infection is suspected, or if no other cause of pain has been identified, then a fluid sample will often be taken via a needle and syringe into the knee. This can be observed under a microscope to look for any bacteria, and then incubated to see in any organisms are present (the inside of the knee should be a completely sterile environment). What can be done to help?If the Xrays are satisfactory, and there is no infection or abnormal nerve response, and no alternative source of referred pain, then the symptoms are likely to be due to subtle imbalances in the soft tissue sleeve around the knee, coupled with inadequate muscular control. Many patients can improve with a targeted programme of exercises guided by an experienced physiotherapist, and this should be the first course of action if no other problem has been identified. If a problem is identified with the replacement, then it is important that you are seen by a knee specialist who has experience with re-do knee replacement surgery in order to fully understand what the likely outcome of further surgery would be, and the risks. Repeat (revision) surgery may be an option, but is not as predictable as primary surgery. It is crucial that the source of problems is correctly identified before making this decision – if not, you are at risk of undergoing another big operation and getting the same poor outcome. Malaligned knee on left, with tibial component which has loosened and tilted, treated with revision total knee replacement (right), using more complex stemmed components to regain proper alignment and obtain fixation over a wider area of bone. How long does pain and discomfort last after total knee replacement?Most people fully recover from knee replacement surgery in about six months. There may be a small amount of pain and soreness for the duration of the healing process, but this is normal. If you find yourself in severe pain after knee replacement surgery, call your doctor.
What should I expect 3 months after knee replacement?Swelling and bruising can continue for three months or more following knee replacement surgery. However, it varies from patient to patient and depends on the condition you were in before surgery. Many patients are back to their activities without the pain they had before surgery by this stage of recovery.
Why does my knee still hurt 3 months after knee replacement?A: Recovery from surgery can take several months, so it's not unusual to still have soreness in the knee that was replaced. As the intensity of rehabilitation exercises increases, more strain is put on the muscles and joints that have not been used in a period of time.
Should you still have pain 6 months after knee replacement?It depends on the knee replacement
But the occasional twinge or moment of discomfort could well last 12 months. Occasionally it could be two years. For partial knee replacements – a much less invasive process – you can typically halve that.
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